Neurology and Neuroscience

Neurology  is a medical specialty concerned with the nervous system and its functional or organic disorders. In the early 18th century, first scientific study of nerve function in animals were performed by English physiologist Scottish physiologist Robert Whytt and Stephen Hales. In the late 19th century, knowledge was gained about the causes of aphasia, epilepsy, and motor problems arising from brain damage. French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot and English neurologist William Gowers classified & described many diseases of the nervous system.

• Headache medicine
• Neuromuscular medicine
• Neurocritical care
• Neuro-oncology
• Geriatric neurology

The Scientific Study of the nervous system increased significantly during the second half of the twentieth century, principally due to advances in molecular biology, electrophysiology, and computational neuroscience. This has allowed neuroscientists to study the nervous system in all its aspects: how it is structured, how it works, how it develops, how it malfunctions, and how it can be changed.Perhaps one of the main unsolved problems in modern neuroscience is the so-called "cell types" problem which refers to the categorization, definition, and identification of all neuronal/astrocytic cell types in an organism. Modern advances in the classification of neuronal cells have been enabled by electrophysiological recording, single-cell genetic sequencing, and high-quality microscopy, which have been recently combined into a single method pipeline called Patch-seq in which all 3 methods are simultaneously applied using miniature tools. The efficiency of this method and the large amounts of data that is generated allowed researchers to make some general conclusions about cell types.

Robotics is a fast-moving discipline that is changing neurosurgery in combination with breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Robotic surgery has the potential to eliminate mechanical errors, save operating hours, and give the same or better resective margins than minimal-access surgery. This will result in great surgical outcomes with the fewest possible problems. Because of the physical complexity of the brain and the space limits inherent in neurosurgical procedures, we can observe some encouraging steps in this direction, but there is still a long way to go 

The face and the cranium, which surround the brain, are made up of bones and cartilage that make up the skull. The base of the skull is a busy and convoluted location with numerous openings through which the spinal cord, numerous blood arteries, and nerves all travel. Noncancerous and cancerous growths, as well as anomalies on the underside of the brain, the skull base, or the top few vertebrae of the spinal canal, may be removed by skull base surgery. Skull base surgery is a form of specialty surgery that treats problems at the base of the skull. Reaching these locations without cutting through the skull and retracting the brain is a problem in skull base surgery.

• Endoscopic Techniques Traditional or open skull base surgery
• Endoscopic or minimally-invasive skull base surgery
• Vestibulocochlear nerve disorders
• Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

Neurocritical care is the intensive care management of patients with grave neurological and neurosurgical illnesses like massive stroke, bleeding in or round the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage), brain tumors, brain trauma, epilepsy,(myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome), spinal cord disorders and therefore the cardiopulmonary complications of brain injury. Neurocritical care provides the interface between the brain and different organ systems in the setting of critical ill health. Patients are taken care of at within single specialized unit. Neurocritical care units focus on managing the unique wants of such critically ill patients.

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and disabling illness.People with ME/CFS are generally unable to do their usual work/activities. At times, ME/CFS may confine them to bed. People with ME/CFS have overwhelming fatigue which is not improved by rest. ME/CFS may get worse after any activity, whether it’s physical or mental. This symptom is known as post-exertional malaise (PEM). Other symptoms can also include problems with thinking, sleep, concentrating, pain, and dizziness. People with ME/CFS may not look ill However,People with ME/CFS are not able to function the same way they did before they became ill.

• ME/CFS changes people’s ability to do daily tasks, like taking a shower or preparing a meal.
• ME/CFS often makes it hard to keep a job, go to school, and take part in family and social life.
• ME/CFS can last for years and sometimes leads to serious disability.

Depression is a condition of low inclination and repugnance for action. It might be a typical response to happening life occasions or conditions, a manifestation of a therapeutic condition, a reaction of medications or medicinal medicines, or a side effect of certain mental disorders, for example, the mindset issue significant depressive issue and dysthymia.Depression seems to be more common among women than men.Symptoms include lack of joy and reduced interest in things that used to bring a person happiness.The causes of depression are not fully understood but are likely to be a complex combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychosocial factors.Life events, such as bereavement, produce mood changes that can usually be distinguished from the features of depression.

• Specific Phobias and Treatment
• Personality Disorders
• Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
• Mental Health

Stem cells, on the other hand, are cells that have yet to be assigned a definite function and can transform into nearly any cell that is required. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into different types of cells as needed by the body. Scientists and clinicians are interested in stem cells because they can help explain how certain bodily functions work and how they might go awry. After a nervous system damage, neural stem cells (NSCs) have the capacity to replenish lost tissue. Thus, stem cells can aid in the repair of the host's brain tissue in part by secreting growth factors, and their regeneration-promoting abilities can be altered through gene transfer.

• Totipotent (or Omnipotent) Stem Cells
• Pluripotent Stem Cells
• Multipotent Stem Cells
• Oligopotent Stem Cells
• Unipotent Stem Cells

Psychiatry is involving the study, diagnosis and treatment of mental health. In its current attempts it defines, understand, and categorize mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and provides simple treatments, Psychiatry is a medical specialty which usually up against the deep complexity of the human brain. A person's mental health is influenced by a combination of an individual as well as their interactions with society, community, and family.Psychiatric Disorder is a mental disorder that disturbs your thinking, moods, behavior and will increase your risk of disability, pain, death, or loss of freedom which can be treated by a Psychiatry professional. There are several components to mental well-being including a  communication skills and the development of resilience.

Stroke is one in every of the largest causes of incapacity worldwide, nevertheless its neurological burden has been under-recognized as a result of it's been classified by the WHO as However, with the discharge of the newest revision of the WHO International Classification of disease (ICD-11), stroke has been reclassified as a neurological disease. vascular neurology is that the specialized treatment of strokes and stroke risk factors. you'll have to be compelled to see a vascular neurologist throughout or when a stroke, or if you're in danger of getting a stroke. A stroke is characterized by symptoms like weakness, numbness, vision changes and speech disturbance. The Division of vascular Neurology evaluates, treats and studies diseases that have an effect on the structure and performance of the blood vessels supply the brain. Our main purpose is to supply the simplest attainable look after our patients with stroke cerebrovascular disease

Drug addiction is a brain disease that has become axiomatic. Especially after the idea became popular in the 1990s, around the globe aspiring health professionals treating substance abuse are indoctrinated with this belief, . Its popularity extends far beyond the hallowed halls of academia. The May 1997 Time and the September 2017 National Geographic magazines both were dedicated to the brain science of addiction. The number of other popular magazines have run similar cover stories over the past two decades•

• Addiction and Stress relation
• Neuronal Ensembles in Drug Addiction
• Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit
• Addiction and the Brains Pleasure Pathway
• Addictive Brain Recovery

Spine Surgery after a spine fusion surgery, it takes about 3 to 12 months to return to most normal daily activities, and in terms of pain relief, the success rate in is probably between 70% and 90%, depending on the condition the spine surgery is done. There may be the risk of complications with any surgery. When surgery is done near the spine and spinal cord, if any complications occur, can be very serious.

• Cervical Stenosis
• Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease• Cervical Disc Herniation
• Cervical Myelopathy
• Isthmic Spondylolisthesis
• Compression Fractures
• Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

Neurocardiology denotes to path physiological & neuroanatomical interactions of the nervous & cardiovascular systems. The stress effects on the heart are studied in terms of the heart's  interactions with both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Clinical issues in neuro-cardiology include hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy, cerebral embolism, encephalopathy, neurologic sequelae of cardiac & thoracic surgery and cardiac interventions, and cardio vascular findings in patients with primary neurological diseaseThe constant communication between the heart and the brain has proved invaluable to interdisciplinary fields of neurological and cardiac diseases. Variations in the neural rhythms provide evidence that a problem is present regarding physiologic regulation and help physicians determine the underlying condition quicker based on thegiven symptoms.